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- A Cray SuperComputer Comes to the University of Toronto
-
- By Andrew Reeves-Hall
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-
-
- The Cray X-MP/22 manufactured by Cray Research Incorporated
- (CRI) of Minneapolis, Minnesota was delivered and installed at the
- U of Toronto this September. The Cray is a well respected computer
- - mainly for its extremely fast rate of mathematical floating-point
- calculation. As the university states in its July/August computer
- magazine "ComputerNews", the Cray's "level of performance should
- enable researchers with large computational requirements at the
- university of Toronto and other Ontario universities to compete
- effectively against the best in the world in their respective
- fields."
-
- The Cray X-MP/22 has two Central Processing Units (CPUs) - the
- first '2' in the '22'. The Cray operates at a clock rate of 105 MHz
- (the regular, run-of-the-mill IBMPC has a clock rate of 4.77 MHz).
- By quick calculations, you would be led to believe the Cray is only
- about 20 times faster that the PC. Obviously, this is not the case.
- The Cray handles data considerably differently than the PC. The
- Cray's circuits permit an array of data (known as a 'vector') to
- be processes as a SINGLE entity. So, where the IBMPC may require
- several clock cycles to multiply two numbers, the Cray performs
- everything in one clock cycle. This power is measured in Millions
- of Floating Point Operations Per Second (MFLOPS) - which is to say
- the rate at which floating-point operations can be performed. The
- Cray MFLOPS vary as it does many activities, but a rate of up to
- 210 MFLOPS (per CPU) can be achieved.
-
- The second '2' in the X-MP/22 title refers to the two million
- 64-bit words (16Mb) of shared central memory. This can be expanded
- to four million words in the future if the need arises. But it
- doesn't stop there! The Cray can pipe information back and forth
- between the CPU memory and the Input/Output Subsystem (IOS). The
- IOS then takes it upon itself the store the information in any of
- the four storage devices: i) one of the four 1200 Mb disk drives
- (at a rate of 5.9Mb every second), ii) one of two standard 200ips
- 6250bpi tape drives, iii) a Solid State Storage Device (SSD) (which
- is much like a 128Mb RAM Disk!), or iv) through to a front-end
- computer (the U of T uses both the IBM4381 and a DEC VAX). These
- computers would be programmed (usually in FORTRAN) and the
- information passed onto the Cray. The results would then be
- transfered back to the front end computers.
-
- The 4 year old Cray was bought used from the California NASA
- research centre where it was used in aerodynamic calculations. This
- means less cost to buy it and the assurance that it has been 'burned in'.
- In case you wanted one for yourself, the U of T was able to purchase
- the Cray for the low-low price of $12 million. Over the next five
- years, the University predicts the total cost will probably be $25
- million when maintenance, staff and other costs are taken into
- consideration. To help out, the Ontario Government put in $10 million.
- By doing this, all other Ontario University researchers are assured of
- access at a reduced cost. By the way, to buy time on the system, it'll
- cost you $2000 per hour. But Ontario researchers only have to pay 7% of
- that - $140 per hour. Their first commercial customer is OMNIBUS
- Graphics of Toronto who plan to use the Cray in the graphic videos.
- If you saw the movie 'The Last Starfighter', you will have already
- experienced the graphic capabilites of the Cray (remember the some of
- the space scenes!). The Cray did all of the calculations required for
- those scenes and let another graphics computer to do the menial task
- of drawing the lines and filling with the calculated colour.
-
- There is so much to talk about when the word 'Cray' pops to mind!
- If you are seriously interested in this amazing computer and/or you are
- interested in purchasing time on the system, please contact the
- people below:
-
- The Centre for Large Scale Computation at the U of T
- Llyod Parker, Director
- 978-8255
-
- Facilities Manager
- Dr. Edmund West
- 978-4085
-
- Supercomputer User's Group (for University Researchers, etc)
- Professor Philip Kromberg
- 978-4971
-
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